Illuminati

2008-07-18T23:20:00.000-04:00

HIST 150 American History II

Assignment: Illuminati (25 points)

Objective: You must create one webpage, using Google Docs, for the luminary assigned to you. The work you are turning in will be seen by the public and will belong to you and me to do what we individually want. The following details may be modified as we proceed. It is due before make-up week (even if we don’t have a fight)!

Tools: You must use Google Docs (found online at docs.google.com) to create the webpage. Google’s rudimentary app will (a) put more emphasis on the content (and less on the bells-n-whistles of other apps), and (b) even the playing field for all students (as everyone has access to a school computer and Google).

Sample: A sample page is available for you to examine below. Your doc should be similar, but can vary somewhat for creativity.

General Instructions:

Step One (Gmail): Create a google account for yourself.
Step Two (Google Docs): Start a doc (docs.google.com); label it using the last name of your luminary and yourself (e.g., Lincoln-Gregorek); in the Share tab add me (mike.gregorek@gmail.com) as a collaborator with full privileges—also send me the automated email announcement that launches when you add me as a full collaborator.
Step Three (public domain): Use only public domain text and graphics to create a one-page doc for the luminary assigned to you. This means that regardless of what you examine for context and understanding, you may only copy-n-paste government sources and other public domain material into your doc. Find material such as historic documents, publications of the Library of Congress, and the presidential bios on Whitehouse.gov, etc. You may recommend and link to any additional source, public or copyrighted, provided you do not plagiarize the material in your doc. Use short phrases, bullets, or even pictures when appropriate. There is very little writing you have to do yourself in this.
Step Four (nth): Whenever you see instructions "including the n^th," it means you must count up how many presidents before and after had the same characteristic (religious affiliation, political party, etc.) and indicate what number your luminary is in that list (including the total) as follows: n/tot. This requires some research by you. (If you are not relying on a government site, confirm your information by consulting another independent source.)
Step Five (footnotes): Cite your sources (and, when possible, hyperlink them). Use footnotes to cite copied sources: use straight brackets around consecutive numbers, like this [1], at the end of a line leading to a footnote and at the beginning of the footnote.

Specific Instructions:

Nb. Do not write narratives. Use short phrases, bullets, or even pictures. Feel free to spice up your webpage with links or pictures that are appropriate.

Step One: Create a table at the very top of your doc that shows the previous, current and next president and their party affiliation.
Step Two: Copy and paste the picture from the presidential biography provided on Whitehouse.gov; and merely link the bio itself in the title in your doc.
Step Three: Provide the following additional information for your president, verifying your information from two independent sources if it is not from a government site (ending in ".gov"). (Cite your sources in footnotes.)

Full name as the title of the page
Nick names below the title
Presidential Years (including the n^th)
Political Party (including the n^th)
Date of Birth - Date of Death
Home State (including the n^th)
Religious Affiliation (including the n^th)
College (degree and year of graduation); graduate school (degree and year of graduation)
Other Careers and Political Offices Held
Marital Status and family
Administration each term, i.e., vice president(s); noteworthy cabinet members (definitely including Secretary of State)
Opponent each election (VP too)
Any of these major events occuring: Wars (start and end dates of the war, and of U.S. involvement--if different), States (including the n^th), Amendments (including the abridged text)
Major events outside the U.S. (e.g., rise of a dictator, a major disaster, an Olympic moment, a regional war, birth of a nation, etc.)
Any other defining moments, such as a scandal, impeachment, new program or monument erected/dedicated
Famous individuals or inventions

Prev	Current	Next
William J. Clinton	George W. Bush	I'll let you know...
Democrat	Republican

President George W. Bush

43rd president - 2 terms (2001 to present)

Republican (nth out of how many Republicans total)

Born July 6, 1946

Texan (born in CT) (including nth out of how many total)

United Methodist (including nth out of how many total)

Yale University, bachelor's degree, history

Harvard University, Master of Business Administration

Owner of oil and gas business; Partner of Texas Rangers Baseball Team; and Governor of Texas

Married to Married to First Lady Laura Bush
Twin daughters, Jenna and Barbara

Administration each term, i.e., vice president(s); noteworthy cabinet members (definitely including Secretary of State)
Opponent each election (VP too)
Any of these major events occuring: Wars (start and end dates of the war, and of U.S. involvement--if different), States (including nth), Amendments (including the abridged text)
Major events outside the U.S. (e.g., rise of a dictator, a major disaster, an Olympic moment, a regional war, birth of a nation, etc.)
Any other defining moments, such as a scandal, impeachment, new program or monument erected/dedicated
Famous individuals or inventions

Michael@Gregorek.com

2008-04-20T16:47:00.000-04:00

Tecumseh's Curse

Orgin:

The Tecumseh's Curse also known as; Curse of Tippecanoe, the Presidential Curse and the twenty-year curse. Every 20 years starting from 1840, the winner of the United States presidential election ultimately died while serving in office. The curse was attributed to the Indian chief Tecumseh, whose tribe were defeated in 1811 at the battle of Tippecanoe by troops led by William Henry Harrison. According to the myth, Tecumseh cursed William Henry Harrison. Tecumseh died in another battle against Harrison in 1813, but his curse apparently survived him. Just one month after Harrison was inaugurated as President in 1841, he died of pneumonia.

1. William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841)

Year elected: 1840

Term of Death: First

William Henry Harrison was the 9^th President of the United States. He was also one of the oldest man to become President at the age of 68. He served as president from March 4 - April 4, 1841, just thirty-one days into his term. The cause of death was from pneumonia. He was also the first U.S. President to die while in office.

2. Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865)

Republican

Year elected: 1860

Term of Death: Second

Abraham Lincoln was the 16^th President of the United States. He served as President from March 4, 1861 - April 14, 1865. He was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, an actor and a Confederate spy from Maryland. Lincoln was the first President to be assassinated.

3. James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831–September 19, 1881)

Republican

Year elected: 1880

Term of Death: First

James Abram Garfield was 20^th President of the United States. He took office in March 4, 1881. On July 2, 1881, in a Washington railroad station, Charles J Guiteau shot the President, critically injuring him. On September 19, 1881, he died from an infection and internal hemorrhage.

4. William McKinley (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901)

Republican

Year elected: 1900

Term of Death: Second

William McKinley was the 25^th President of the United States. On September 5, 1901, while standing in a receiving line at the Buffalo Pan-American Exposition, he was shot twice by Leon Frank Czolgosz. He died eight days later.

5. Warren G. Harding (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923)

Republican

Year elected: 1920

Term of Death: First

Warren G. Harding was the 29^th President of the United States. On August 2, 1923, Harding was visiting San Francisco on a cross-country Voyage of Understanding to meet people across the nation. He suffered from a stroke and died at the Palace Hotel.

6. Franklin D. Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945)

Democratic

Year elected: 1940

Term of Death: Fourth

Franklin D. Roosevelt was the 32^nd President of the United States. While serving his fourth term as President, his health started to deteriorated. On April 12, 1945, while at Warm Springs, Georgia, he died of a cerebral hemorrhage.

7. John F. Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963)

Democratic

Year elected: 1960

Term of Death: First

John F. Kennedy was the 35^th President of the United States. He became the youngest elected president. On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was riding through Dallas and was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald.

8. Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004)

Republican

Year elected: 1980

Term of Death: n/a

Ronald W. Reagan was the 40^th President of the United States. On March 30, 1981, John Hinckley attempted to assassinate Reagan in Washington, D.C. Reagan was shot but was able to survive with quick medical attention. President Reagan is the first to foil Tecumseh's curse and some consider it to be broken.

2008-04-20T16:44:00.000-04:00

adviser to various Presidents.

Bernard Baruch

Full name:
Bernard Mannes Baruch

Profession:
Presidents’ adviser during the World War I and the World War II as well as peace time.
Financier.

Political Party:^{[1] [2]}
Devoted member of the Democratic Party and contributed it generously.

Born
August 19, 1870, South Carolina, U.S.

Died
June 20, 1965, New York, U.S.

photo is gifted to the U.S. Library of Congress^[i]
©no known restrictions on publication. [npcc-03151]

Home State:
His father was a German immigrant of Jewish ethnicity who came to the U.S. in 1855.

Religious Affiliation:
Jewish

College:^{[3] [4]}
Graduated from the College of the City of New York in 1889.

Other Careers and Political Offices Held:

Starting his career as an apprentice in a wholesale glassware firm, just for 3 $ per week^[5].

At age 30, he was a millionaire^[6].

Marital Status and Family:
Married to Annie Griffen.
Had three children.

Administration:
The Presidents that he worked together with^{[7] [8]}:

Woodrow Wilson	28th
Warren G. Harding	29th
Herbert Hoover	31st
Franklin Roosevelt	32nd
Harry Truman	33rd
John F. Kennedy	35th

Major Events:

Became chairman of the War Industries Board, during World War I^[9].

Personal adviser to President Wilson on the terms of peace^[9].

Adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II^[9].

Predicted The 1929 Crash^[10].

Major Events Outside the U.S.^{[11] [12]}:

Outlined a controversial plan for international control / ownership of all nuclear materials.

Other Defining Moments:

Baruch was described as "As a young man he bacame rich by taking chances, but as an old man he bacame famous by playing it safe."^[13]

Three times on the cover of The Time Magazine:

Bernard Baruch. February 25, 1924

Bernard Baruch. March 12, 1928

Bernard Baruch . June 28, 1943

Famous Inventions:

Baruch Bench of Inspiration^[14]

It is told that Baruch disliked to wait inside the White House, he preferred to sit on a bench and wait the president there. It was such a famous bench that even once Baruch received a letter addressed simply, "Bernard Baruch, Lafayette Park, Washington, D.C."

The Baruch Bench of Inspiration. It is located just northwest of the Jackson statue.

Creator of the well-known political term “Cold War”^{[15] [16]}.

References:
[i] ref:http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?pp/PPALL:@field(NUMBER+@band(npcc+03151))
[1] ref: http://www.fau.edu/library/bro78.htm
[2] ref: Jewish Heroes & Heroines of America, 2004, p154, 2p
[3] ref: Britannica Biography Collection. bgh13554
[4] ref: Jewish Heroes & Heroines of America, 2004, p154, 2p
[5] ref: The Adventures of a Wall Street Legend: Bernard Baruch, By: James Grant, Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997, chapter "Three Dollars A Week" p18.
[6] ref: Jewish Historical Society South Carolina, Winter 2004 Newsletter, Volume IX, p10-11. http://www.jhssc.org
[7] ref: Jewish Heroes & Heroines of America, 2004, p154, 2p
[8] ref: Cambridge Dictionary of American Biography Item: 24F10473Baruch
[9] ref: Britannica Biography Collection. bgh13554
[10] ref: Bernard Baruch's Own Story. By: Baruch, Bernard M.. Saturday Evening Post, 10/1/1960, Vol. 233 Issue 14, p19-50, 5p
[11] ref: Going for Baruch: The Nuclear Plan That Refused to Go Away. By: Rydell, Randy. Arms Control Today, June 2006, p45-48, 4p
[12] ref: The Statement Before The United Nations Atomic Energy Commission, By: Bernard Baruch, 14 June 1946
[13] ref: In General, Run Quickly. By: Brimelow, Peter. National Review, 9/7/1984, Vol. 36 Issue 17, p44-45, 2p
[14] ref: http://www.nps.gov/whho/planyourvisit/explore-the-northern-trail.htm
[15] ref: http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-125110/article-9024721
[16] ref: http://www.house.gov/ehlers/newsletter/Tuesday-October-25-20051248.html

2008-04-20T16:38:00.000-04:00

Eugene Victor Debs

Born: Nov. 5,1855, at Terre Haute, Indiana.

Died: Oct. 20,1926, Lindlahr Sanitarium, Elmhurst, Illinois. Buried in Terre Haute, Ind.

Education: Attended Terre Haute Public schools, dropping out of high school at age of 14 to take job as painter in railroad yards. In 1870 became fireman on railroad. In his spare time, he went to night classes at a local business college.

He married Katherine Metzel in 1885, the daughter of prosperous German immigrants who owned a local drugstore. (The couple would have no children.)

Socialist Party

Religion: Christian

Debs' philosophy is best expressed in his famous quote:

"While there is a lower class, I am in it;
While there is a criminal element, I am of it;
While there is a soul in prison, I am not free!"

Executive summary: Labor leader ran for President five times

Received 919,799 votes in the 1920 election, where he ran from prison as a Socialist.

He found work as a railroad fireman in 1870 and eventually became active in the trade union movement. Debs worked as editor of the Locomotive Firemen's Magazine, before being elected national secretary of Brotherhood of Locomotive Fireman in 1880. Debs, a member of the Democratic Party, was elected to the Indiana Legislature in 1884.

In 1893 Debs was elected the first president of the American Railway Union (ARU). During the Pullman Strike in 1894, Debs was arrested and charged with contempt of court. Despite being defended by Clarence Darrow, he was found guilty and sentenced to six months in prison.

Debs now became a socialist and believed that capitalism should be replaced by a new cooperative system. Although he advocated radical reform, Debs was opposed to the revolutionary violence supported by the Communist Party.

In 1897 Debs joined with Victor Berger and Ella Reeve Bloor to form the Social Democratic Party (SDP). Debs was the party's presidential candidate in 1900 but received only 97,000 votes. The following year some members of the SDP left the party and established the Socialist Party of America.

In 1904 Debs was the new party's presidential candidate and got 400,000 votes. He was also the party's candidate in 1908 (420,793 votes), and 1912, when with his running-mate, Emil Seidel, he increased this to 897,011 votes.

Debs believed that the First World War had been caused by the imperialist competitive system. Between 1914 and 1917 Debs made several speeches explaining why he believed the United States should not join the war. After the USA declared war on the Central Powers in 1917, several Socialist Party members were arrested for violating the Espionage Act.

After making a speech in Canton, Ohio, on 16th June, 1918, criticizing the Espionage Act, Debs was arrested and sentenced to ten years in Atlanta Penitentiary. He was still in prison when as the presidential candidate of the Socialist Party, he received 919,799 votes in 1920. His program included proposals for improved labour conditions, housing and welfare legislation and an increase in the number of people who could vote in elections.

President Warren G. Harding pardoned Debs in December, 1921. Critical of the dictatorial policies of the Soviet Union, Debs refused to ally himself with the American Communist Party. Eugene Victor Debs died in 1926 and was replaced by Norman Thomas as leader of the Socialist Party.

Eugene Debs delivered his Statement to the Court to the Federal Court of Cleveland, Ohio on September 18, 1918 after being convicted of violating the Sedition Act, a protective law passed by Congress to promote the war by banning anti-war propaganda and rhetoric. Under this new law many socialists were unjustly persecuted and stripped of their freedom of speech. As an active socialist, Debs became concerned and attacked American capitalism in an effort to protect first amendment rights. This speech was a plea in his defense for his and other socialists’ freedom of speech. Introduction by Mary Litton Fowler.

On Christmas Day 1921, President Warren G. Harding, a Republican, freed Debs and 23 other prisoners of conscience. Debs' socialist movement was now dead, the victim of government repression and internal factional fighting between opponents and supporters of the new Bolshevik regime in Russia. But the socialist ideal lived on, inspiring a new generation of social reformers in the 1930s who, under the banner of the New Deal, enacted most of the programs and policies called for in the Socialist Party platform of 1912. It was not the socialist commonwealth, but it was a genuine achievement—one for which Debs and his followers legitimately could claim some credit.

2008-04-20T16:36:00.000-04:00

James Gillespie Blaine

Appointed by James Garfield (20th) in March 1881

Resigned in June 1892

Member of the Republican party

Born in West Brownsville, Washington County, Pa., January 31, 1830

Died in Washington, D.C., January 27, 1893

Full name as the title of the page
Nick names below the title
Presidential Years (including the n^th)
Political Party (including the n^th)
Date of Birth - Date of Death
Home State (including the n^th)
Religious Affiliation (including the n^th)
College (degree and year of graduation); graduate school (degree and year of graduation)
Other Careers and Political Offices Held
Marital Status and family
Administration each term, i.e., vice president(s); noteworthy cabinet members (definitely including Secretary of State)
Opponent each election (VP too)
Any of these major events occuring: Wars (start and end dates of the war, and of U.S. involvement--if different), States (including the n^th), Amendments (including the abridged text)
Major events outside the U.S. (e.g., rise of a dictator, a major disaster, an Olympic moment, a regional war, birth of a nation, etc.)
Any other defining moments, such as a scandal, impeachment, new program or monument erected/dedicated
Famous individuals or inventions

2008-04-20T16:35:00.001-04:00

A Great Clash in American History:

Booker T. Washington vs. W.E.B DuBois

"THE GREAT ACCOMODATOR"

"THE FATHER OF PAN-AFRICANISM"

BIRTHNAME:

Booker Taliaferro Washington

William Edward Burghardt DuBois

BIRTH:

April 5, 1856

( (Franklin County, VA)

***Note: Was born on Slave Plantation

February 23, 1868

(Great Barrington, Massachusetts)

***Note: DuBois was born after 13th Amendment

PRESIDENT DURING BIRTH:

Franklin Pierce

Andrew Johnson

EDUCATION:

1875: Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute

1896: Honorary Masters, Harvard University

1901:Honorary Doctorate, Dartmouth College

1888: Bachelors Fisk College

1890: Bachelors Harvard University

1895: PhD Harvard University in History

Atlanta Compromise A

POLITICAL AFFILIATION:

udio Clip

Republican

Communist Party USA

RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION:

Christian

Agnostic

MARITIAL STATUS & FAMILY:

Mother: Jane was a black slave

Father: white plantation owner

Brother: John

Sister: Amanda

1st wife: Fannie N. Smith who birthed their daughter Portia M. Washington

2nd wife: Olivia A. Davidson birthed two sons Booker T. Washington Jr. and Ernest Davidson Washington

3rd wife: Margaret James Murray had no children

Great-grandmother: Elizabeth “Mum Bett" Freeman

Mother: Silvina Burghardt DuBois

Father: Alfred DuBois

1st wife: Nina Gomer (for more then 50 yrs) who bore to him 2 children Burghardt and Yolande

2nd wife: Shirley Graham

CAREER:

Worked in the salt mines and at the age of nine worked as a salt-packer.
From ages 10-12 worked as a coal miner before going to work as a houseboy for the wife of Lewis Ruffner, the owner of the mines.
Worked as a janitor to pay for education at Hampton Agricultural Institute.
Upon graduation, worked at Hampton Agricultural Institute teaching in a program for Native Americans.
Founded and served as principle of Tuskegee Institute.
Writer of autobiography Up from Slavery.

Was offered teaching position at Tuskegee Institute but opted to work at Atlanta University
Taught at Wilberforce University in Ohio
Taught at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia
Became Chairman of the Department of Sociology at Atlanta University
Chief editor of Crisis, the publication of the NAACP
Writer of numerous newpaper editorials, poems, books and essays.

MAJOR EVENTS IN U.S

1856 Kansas Compromise

1859 John Brown Leads Revolt

1861 – 1865 American Civil War

1865-1876 Reconstruction

1867 Alaska Purchased

1870 Standard Oil Formed

13th-24th Amendments Ratified

FAMOUS WRITINGS & SPEECHES:

Atlanta Compromise Address

(Listen to speech)

(Read Orginal Speech)

Wrote: Up from Slavery (his autobiogaphy)

Souls of Black Folks (1903) (W.E.B. duBois' response to the Atlanta Compromise)

Crisis

ACTIVISM:

"The Tuskegee Machine" aka Tuskegee Institute
- He raised money for the school by going on speaking tours and soliciting donations.
- His school was a gateway for blacks to earn a trade as well as a good education.
In 1900 he helped establish the National Negro Business League which
- The organization concentrated on commercial issues and paid no attention to questions of African American civil rights

Niagra Movement (read more)
Co-founder of NAACP (read more)
- The movement launched a campaign for complete equality and justice for blacks, with an emphasis on political rights
- Campaigned against lynching, Jim Crow laws, sexual inequality

CRITICISM:

He was too accomodating; labeled an "Uncle Tom" and "Sell-out." His critics argued that the views expressed in his books, articles and lectures were essentially the prevailing views of white Americans
He advised blacks that it was better not to vote than to antagonize white neighbors
Wasn't militant enough. While other African-Americans demanded boycotts and protests against white violence and unequal facilities, Washington treated them as enemies, editorializing (anonymously) against them.
Criticized for advising African-Americans to abide by segregation codes
People felt that he placed too much emphasis on industrial education
Note: Washington received a great deal of grants, financial as well as social support from government officals, newspapers, magazine and lobbyist. He became the spokesperson for African-Americans, beating out men like Du Bois who was also in need of grants, etc. This maybe one reason why DuBois criticized Washington.

Too Radical; Most of his teaching were very racist (He did not like white people)
"Talented Tenth" (northern, urban, college-educated black men who were to save the black race) viewed as unlikely.
Was seen as Anti-American because of his associations with communism and public criticisms against American government.
Critics felt that his teachings were controdictory. He criticized whites for their rascism yet condoned black racism towards whites.

PHILOSOPHY

& TEACHINGS:

Believed in work, study, self-discipline, and self-reliance
Advocated "seperate" but "equal" facilities
Felt that Black should develop a industrial trade.
He thought that by working hard blacks would prove to the white people that they were upstanding law abiding citizens thus gaining acceptance and equality in society.
Believed in combining industrial training with mental and moral culture. So Christian religion was also observed in his school.

Felt that the opportunity to earn a living and acquire property was more important than the right to vote.
Believed that the need to take care of one's body and property, and to establish an economic foundation on the soil of agriculture and the use of industry were more important than the memorization of facts or reading of Latin and Greek."
Focused on economics and buisness as a means of uplifting blacks not social equality.

Activist of Pan-Africanism and Black Nationalism.
Advocated a strong liberal Arts education.
Thought that the "Talented Tenth," the phenomenon of one in ten black people who became influential in the world, through methods such as continuing their education, writing books, or becoming directly involved in social change would uplift the black race.
Felt that race was a political system that creates two "worlds" of race. The white world is the product of a capitalism and a section of the working class; the black world is excluded from these resources.
His solution to the problem of race is the end of the white world through the political unity of the dark world. Thus, Du Bois became a more ardent Black nationalist as he developed a social constructivist conception of race.

REMAINS:

Buried in Tuskegee Institute

Buried in state ceremony in Ghana

PRESIDENT DURING DEATH:

Woodrow Wilson

Lyndon B. Johnson

DEATH:

November 14, 1915

(buried on campus of Tuskegee University)

August 27, 1963 in Accra, Ghana

(eve of March on Washington)

INTERESTING

INFORMATION:

Was the first African-American ever invited to the White House as the guest of President Theodore Roosevelt (1901).

On April 7, 1940 Washington became the first African American to be depicted on a United States postage stamp.
The first coin to feature an African American was the Booker T. Washington Memorial Half Dollar that was minted by the United States from 1946 to 1951.
Was depicted on a U.S. Half Dollar from 1951-1954.
A state park in Chattanooga, Tennessee was named in his honor.
Worked as a janitor to pay for his education at Hampton Institute.

Was a member of the Prince Hall Grand Lodge ,the first African American Free Masonic Society (read more).
Was chairman of the Peace Information Center in NYC at the start of the Korean War. Was among the signers of the Stockholm Peace Pledge, which opposed the use of nuclear weapons. [1]
Was indicted in the United States under the Foreign Agents Registration Act (for communist involvement) but was acquitted for lack of evidence (read more).
His passport was banned after meeting with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, and visiting Communist China, a country that was on the State Department's banned list. [1]
In 1959 recieved the Lenin Peace Prize from the Soviet Union [1]
In 1912 he supported Eugene Debs, the Socialist Party candidate for president. He admired how Debs refused to address segregated audiences in the South.
Made an agreement with Woodrow Wilson to get Black vote in return for Black rights. Wilson does not uphold his end of agreement. DuBois rights a letter to Wilson explaining that he has done nothing for the Negro race. (read more)
He renounced his U.S. citizenship and became a citizen of Ghana, shortly before his 95^th birthday.
In 1992 appeared on U.S. postage stamp.

Important Note:

"Both Washington and DuBois wanted the same thing for blacks—first-class citizenship—but their methods for obtaining it differed. Because of the interest in immediate goals contained in Washington’s economic approach, whites did not realize that he anticipated the complete acceptance and integration of Negroes into American life. He believed blacks, starting with so little, would have to begin at the bottom and work up gradually to achieve positions of power and responsibility before they could demand equal citizenship—even if it meant temporarily assuming a position of inferiority. DuBois understood Washington’s program, but believed that it was not the solution to the “race problem.” Blacks should study the liberal arts, and have the same rights as white citizens. Blacks, DuBois believed, should not have to sacrifice their constitutional rights in order to achieve a status that was already guaranteed." [12]

References:

1. W.E.B Du Bois (Gloricelly Franceschi)
2. A Biographical Sketch of W.E.B DuBois (Gerald C. Hynes)
3. Booker T. Washington Biography (NPS)
4. Booker . Washington and W.E.B. DuBois: The Problem of Negro Leadership (Robert A. Gibson)
5. Atlanta Compromise Original Speech
6. W.E.B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folks
7. Atlanta Compromise Audio Clip
8. The tactical life of Booker T. Washington
9. The Constitution of the United States: Amendments 11-27
10. W.E.B FBI Investigation Papers
11. Booker T. Washington National Monument
12. Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. DuBois: The Problem of Negro Leadership (Robert A. Gibson)
13. Another open letter to Woodrow Wilson

By Sharena Ramos

2008-04-20T16:35:00.000-04:00

Previous	Current	Next
William J. Clinton	George W. Bush	I'll let you know...
Democrat	Republican

President George W. Bush

43rd president - 2 terms (2001 to present)

Republican (18th/18)

Born July 6, 1946
Texan (born in CT) (including nth out of how many total)

United Methodist (including nth out of how many total)

Yale University, bachelor's degree, history

Harvard University, Master of Business Administration

Owner of oil and gas business; Partner of Texas Rangers Baseball Team; and Governor of Texas

Married to Married to First Lady Laura Bush
Twin daughters, Jenna and Barbara

William J. Clinton

2008-04-20T16:32:00.001-04:00

Read my lips. No one did Bush.

2008-04-20T16:30:00.002-04:00

2008-04-20T16:23:00.000-04:00

Prev Current Next

Jimmy Carter Ronald Reagan George H. W. Bush
Democrat Republican Republican

President Ronald Reagan

"The Great Communicator" , "The Teflon President"

40th president - 2 terms (1981-1989)
Republican - 16th out of 18 Total

Born February 6, 1911
Died June 5, 2004
Home State - Illinois 2nd out of 2 Total (Other was Lincoln)
Presbyterian 7th out of 7
Eureka College 1932 - studied Economics and Sociology
Actor; President of the Screen Actors Guild; Governor of California

First marriage to Jane Wyman
Two children, Maureen and Michael
Divorced and remarried to Nancy Davis
Two children, Patricia Ann and Ronald Prescott

11. Administration during Reagan presidency: Vice President: George H.W. Bush (1981-1989)
Secretary of State: Alexander Haig (1981-1982)
George P. Schultz (1982-1989)

12. Opponent during the 1980 presidential campaign: Jimmy Carter and his running mate Walter Mondale

Reagan won the 1980 election with 50.7% of the popular vote, and 489 electoral votes to Jimmy Carter's 41% and 49, respectively.

One of Reagan's most famous campaign slogans was "Recession is when your neighbor loses his job. Depression is when you lose yours. And recovery is when Jimmy Carter loses his"

Opponent during 1984 presidential campaign: Walter Mondale and his running mate Geraldine Ferraro

Reagan won the 1984 election with 58.8% of the popular vote, and 525 electoral votes to Mondale's 40.6% and 13, respectively.

13. Reagan declared war against international terrorism, sending American bombers against Libya after evidence came out that Libya was involved in an attack on American soldiers in a West Berlin nightclub.[1]

- The U.S. invaded the island of Grenada in the Caribbean in October of 1983 after a Marxist government had been set up, threatening the stability of the region.[2]

14. In foreign policy, Reagan sought to achieve "peace through strength" by multiple means:
- Drastically increased spending on national defense and proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), otherwise known at "Star Wars" [3]
- Reagan pressured the Soviet Union externally through America's arms buildup in which the Soviets could not match with their faltering communist economic system[3]
- Reagan called the Soviet Union an "Evil Empire" during his address to the British Parliament[4]

15. Instituted "Reagonomics" which was based on supply side economics and Say's Law, and reducing government's role in the economy.
- His economic policies led to the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, which reduced the income tax rates by 25% over a three year period.[5]
- The Tax Reform Act of 1986 was also passed which simplified the tax code
- They promoted a more laissez- faire approach as excess regulation was rolled back and the economy was going to be stimulated with tax cuts.
- The results of Reaganomics was in the ending of the period of stagflation which had plagued the economy in the late 1970's even though the budget deficit grew in size.[6]

16. Iran Contra Affair
- Money from arms sales to Iran were found to be used to support Contra guerrillas in Nicaragua
- Reagan declared that he had no knowledge of the incidents

17. Firing of the Air Traffic Controllers
- After approximately 13,000 air traffic controllers illegally went on strike, Reagan gave them 48 hours to report to work, after which he ended up firing the remaining 11,345.

18. Reagan appointed Sandra Day O'Connor, the first female to the Supreme Court

19. Broke Tecumseh's Curse
- Just a few months after he took the oath of office, Reagan survived an assassination attempt by John Hinckley, Jr. and recovered very quickly ending Tecumseh's Curse

20. Quotes from Ronald Reagan

- "“How do you tell a Communist? Well, it’s someone who reads Marx and Lenin. And how do you tell an anti-Communist? It’s someone who understands Marx and Lenin.”"
- "The best view of big government is in the rearview mirror as we leave it behind."
- "The best minds are not in government. If any were, business would hire them away."
- "Before I refuse to take your questions, I have an opening statement."
- "Approximately 80% of our air pollution stems from hydrocarbons released by vegetation, so let's not go overboard in setting and enforcing tough emission standards from man-made sources. "
- "Government's view of the economy could be summed up in a few short phrases: If it moves, tax it. If it keeps moving, regulate it. And if it stops moving, subsidize it. "
- "Of the four wars in my lifetime, none came about because the U.S. was too strong. "
- "Some people wonder all their lives if they've made a difference. The Marines don't have that problem. "
- "To paraphrase Winston Churchill, I did not take the oath I have just taken with the intention of presiding over the dissolution of the world's strongest economy. "
- "Unemployment insurance is a pre-paid vacation for freeloaders."
- "We should measure welfare's success by how many people leave welfare, not by how many are added. "
- "Welfare's purpose should be to eliminate, as far as possible, the need for its own existence. "
- "Within the covers of the Bible are all the answers for all the problems men face. "
- "Without God, democracy will not and cannot long endure. "
- "I want you to know that also I will not make age an issue of this campaign. I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent's youth and inexperience."
- "We in government should learn to look at our country with the eyes of entrepreneurs, seeing possibilities where others see only problems."

Footnotes
1. http://encarta.msn.com/sidebar_761594581/u_s_jets_bomb_libya.html
2. Operation Urgent Fury, http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/history/urgfury.pdf
3. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A26273-2004Jun8.html
4. President Reagan's Speech to the House of Commons, June 8, 1982; http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/evilemp.htm
5. http://reaganranch.yaf.org/reagan/recovery_act.cfm
6. http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Reaganomics.html

Savvas Tsitlakidis
HIST 150
4/15/08

2008-04-20T16:22:00.000-04:00

PREVIOUS	CURRENT	NEXT
GERALD R. FORD	JAMES E. CARTER JR.	RONALD W. REAGAN
REPUBLICAN	DEMOCRAT	REPUBLICAN

PRESIDENT JAMES EARL CARTER JR.

(JIMMY CARTER)

Term :39th president - 1 term ( 1977 -1981)

Political Party: Democrat (1/17)

Date of Birth :October 1, 1924

Hometown : Born in Plains, Georgia(1)

Religion : Baptist(1/4)

Education :Georgia Southwestern College, 1941-1942;

Georgia Institute of Technology, 1942-1943;

United States Naval Academy, 1943-1946 (class of 1947);

Union College, 1952-1953

Career : Soldier; Farmer, Warehouseman, Public Official, Professor,

Governor of Georgie

Marriage: Eleanor Rosalynn Smith

Children: 3 boys and 1 girl.John William,James Earl III,Donnel Jeffrey,Amy Lynn

Administration :

Vice President - Walter Mondale

Secretary of State - Cyrus Vance (1977-1980)

Edmund Muskie ( 1980- 1981

Secretary of Defense - Harold Brown ( 1977 - 1981)

Secretary of Interior - Cecil D. Andrus ( 1977 - 1981)

Secretary of Commerce - Junanita Kreps ( 1977 - 1979)

Philip Klutznik ( 1979 - 1981)

Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare - Joseph A. Califano Jr. ( 1977 - 1979)

Patricia R. Harris ( 1979 - 1980)

Secretary of Health and Human Services - Patricia R. Harris ( 1980 - 1981)

Secretary of Transportation - Brock Adams ( 1977 - 1979)

Secretary of the Treasury - W. Michael Blumenthal ( 1977 - 1979)

G. William Miller ( 1979 - 1981)

Attorney General - Griffen Bell ( 1977-1979)

Benjamin Civiletti ( 1979 - 1981)

Secretary of Agriculture - Robert Bergald ( 1977 - 1981)

Secretary of Labor - F. Ray Marshall ( 1977 - 1981)

Secretary of Education - Shirley Hufstedler ( 1980 - 1981)

Secretary of Housing and Urban Developement - Patricia R. Harris (1977 - 1979)

Moon Landrieu ( 1979 -1981)

Secretary of Energy - James R. Shlesinger (1977 - 1979)

Charles Duncan Jr. ( 1979 - 1981)

Opponents during Election : Jimmy Carter along with Senator Walter Mondale

of Minnesota secured the Democratic nomination and ran against seating President

Gerald R. Ford.

Major Events : Major foreign policy accomplishments of his administration included

The Panama Canal Treaties

The Camp David Accords

The Treaty of Peace between Egypt and Israel

The SALT II Treaty with the Soviet Union

The establishment of the U.S. diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China

Achievements in his domestic affairs included

The energy shortage he dealt with by establishing a national energy policy and by

decontrolling domestic petroleum prices and stimulate production.

Also he prompted Government efficiency through civil service reform and proceeded

with deregulation of the trucking and airline industries. He sought to improve the

enviornment.

His expansion of the national park system included protection of 103 acres of

Alaskan land.

To increase human and social services, he created the Department of Education,

strengthened the Social Security system, and gave record numbers of women,

blacks, and Hispanics government jobs.

* Since Jimmy Carter left office, he has been the most active President. In 1982,

he became University Distinguished Professor at Emory University, in Atlanta,Georgia

and in partnership with the University,founded the Carter Center to resolve conflict,

promote democracy, protect human rights, and prevent disease around the world.

Since 1989, observers from the Carter Center have monitored more then 60

elections in 25 countries.

Nixon has left the building.

2008-04-20T16:18:00.002-04:00

Because someone didn't do Nixon.

2008-04-20T16:15:00.000-04:00

Previous		Next
John F. Kennedy	Lyndon B. Johnson	Richard Nixon
Democrat		Republican

Lyndon Baines Johnson

Born: August 27, 1908 Died January 22, 1973

36th President: 1963-1969 (Finished JFK's term after assisantion and was later elected to a full term)

Democrat (12th out of 14 total Democrats)

Nickname: LBJ

Religion: Disciples of Christ (2nd out of 3 President followers)

Home state: Texas (2nd of 2 Texas born presidents. Other being Dwight Eisenhower)

Education: Southwest Texas State Teachers College (now Texas State University-San Marcos), graduated 1930,
Georgetown Law School, attended 1934 (did not graduate)

Marriage: November 17, 1934, to Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson

Children: Lynda Bird Johnson and Luci Baines Johnson

Other Occupation: Teacher

Other Political Offices Held:

Congressional Secretary, 1931-37
Member of U.S. House of Representatives, 1937-49
United States Senator, 1949-61
Vice President, 1961-63 (under JFK

Administration:
1963 - 1965 (finishing JFK's term)
Vice President: None
Secretary of State: Dean Rusk
Attorney General: Robert Kennedy

1965 - 1969 (elected president)
Vice President: Hubert Humphrey
Secretary of State: Dean Rusk
Attorney General: Nicholas Katzenbach (1965-1967) Ramsey Clark (1967 - 1969)
Secretary of Transportation: Alan Boyd

Elections

Year	1960		1964
President	John F Kennedy vs	Richard Nixon	Lyndon Johnson vs	Barry Goldwater
Vice president	Lyndon Johnson*	Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.	Hubert Humphrey	William Miller
Won / Lost Election	Won	Lost	Won	Lost

* became president after JFK assassination

Major Events US and World

JFK assassination then sworn in by Federal Judge Sarah Hughes, making him the first President sworn in by a woman.
NASA made many explorations in the space program, U.S. orbited the moon in December 1968
Martin Luther King Jr. made the speech, "I have a Dream" on August 28, 1963
Assassination of Martin Luther King
Created The Great Society
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Vietnam War continues
Oct 31 1968, ordered a complete cessation of "all air, naval and artillery bombardment of North Vietnam
Did not seek re election
cuts taxes but later raised them
began open hostility with Cuba. Trying to force the Americans to leave
American U2 spy-planes will continue to fly inspection over Cuba
1967- First successful human heart transplant
"Bloody Sunday" Selma, Alabama
Apollo Program - 1967 fire that killed three astronauts

Supreme Court appointments

* Abe Fortas–1965
* Thurgood Marshall–1967
first African-American to be appointed to the Supreme Court.

Major legislation signed

1964: Civil Rights Act of 1964
1964: Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964
1964: Wilderness Act
1964: Nurse Training Act
1964: Food Stamp Act of 1964
1964: Economic Opportunity Act
1965: Higher Education Act of 1965
1965: Social Security Act of 1965
1965: Voting Rights Act
1965: Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965
1967: Age Discrimination in Employment Act
1967: Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
1968: Bilingual Education Act
1968: Fair housing

For detailed information of the above legislation

Other Events

1964

The Beatles become popular
Acrylic paint invented.
BASIC (an early computer language) is invented by John George Kemeny and Tom Kurtz
This was the first year the cigarette boxes had a warning printed on it "Smoking can be hazardous to your health"

1965

Astroturf invented.
Soft contact lenses invented.
The compact disk invented by James Russell.
Kevlar invented by Stephanie Louise Kwolek.

1966

Electronic Fuel injection for cars invented.

1967

The first handheld calculator invented.

1968

The computer mouse invented by Douglas Engelbart.
The first computer with integrated circuits made.
Robert Dennard invented RAM (random access memory).

1969

The arpanet (first Internet) invented.
The artificial heart invented.
The ATM invented.
The bar-code scanner is invented.

Nearly half a million people headed over to a 600 acre farm in New York for the Woodstock Festival. Many top rock musicians were there. It lasted three days, a weekend of music, love and peace.

July 20, 1969, 4:18 p.m., one of the biggest events of history happened. Apollo 11 landed on the moon, astronauts aboard. Neil Armstrong's famous speech for the historical steps "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."

JFK IS ..

2008-04-20T16:01:00.004-04:00

Not on Facebook. JFK is Missing.

2008-04-20T16:00:00.000-04:00

Previous	Current	Next
Harry S. Truman	Dwight D. Eisenhower	John F. Kennedy
Democrat	Republican	Democrat

President Dwight D. Eisenhower

34th President of the United States - 2 terms (1953-1961)
Republican - (14th out of 19)
Born October 14th, 1890
Raised in Kansas (born in Texas) (1st out of 2)[1]

Presbyterian (7th out of 7)[1]

Graduated from West Point Military Academy

Promoted to General of the Army (5 Stars) in 1944; Served as Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army (1945-48); President of Columbia University (1948-50); Retired from military as Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1952

Married to Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower
Son, Doud Dwight Eisenhower
Son, John Sheldon David Doud Eisenhower

Administration 1953-57: Vice President - Richard Nixon
Secretary of State - John Foster Dulles
Secretary of Treasury - George M. Humphrey
Secretary of Defense - Charles E. Wilson[2]

Administration 1957-61: Vice President - Richard Nixon
Secretary of State - John Foster Dulles (57-59), Christian A. Herter (59-61)
Secretary of Treasury - Robert B, Anderson
Secretary of Defense - Neil H. McElroy (57-59), Thomas S. Gates, Jr. (59-61)[2]

Election Opponent - 1952: Adlai Stevenson II; Vice President Candidate: John Sparkman[2]

Election Opponent - 1956: Adlai Stevenson II; Vice President Candidate: Estes Kefauver[2]

Amendments: 23rd; Proposed June 17th, 1960, Ratified March 29,1961 (Permits the District of Columbia to choose Electors for President and Vice President)[2]

States Admitted to the Union: Alaska (49th) - 1959; Hawaii (50th) - 1959[2]

Supreme Court Justices Appointed: Earl Warren (Chief Justice) - 1953; John Marshall Harlan II - 1955; William J. Brennan - 1956; Charles Evans Whittaker - 1957; Potter Stewart - 1958 [2]

Other Major Events:

Mar 5, 1953 - Russian Premier Joseph Stalin dies after 29 years in power; Georgi Malenkov succeeds as premier[3]

Jul 27, 1953 - An armistice ending the three-year Korean War is signed[3]

Dec 8, 1953 - Eisenhower delivers his "Atoms for Peace" speech[3]

May 17, 1954 - Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka decision desegregated schools[4]

Sep 2, 1954 - Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) is formed[5]

June 29, 1956 - Eisenhower signed the Federal-Aid Highway Act which would create 40,000 miles of interstate highways over the following 10[2]

Sep 24, 1957 - Eisenhower orders federal troops to Little Rock, AR to implement court-ordered desegregation[6]

Jan 1, 1959 - Fidel Castro seizes power in Cuba[7]

Aug 13, 1961 - Construction of the Berlin Wall begins[2]

1 - http://www.heptune.com/preslist.html
2 - www.wikipedia.com
3 - http://timelines.ws/20thcent/1953.HTML
4 - http://www.multied.com/postwar/segregation.html
5 - http://www.multied.com/postwar/Seato%20Founded.html
6 - http://www.multied.com/dates/1957.html#Anchor-37448
7 - http://www.multied.com/Samerica/FidelCastro.html

2008-04-20T15:58:00.000-04:00

President Harry S. Truman

Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman Dwight D. Eisenhower

1933-1945 1945-1953 1953-1961

Democrat Democrat Republican

Thirty-Third President - Two consecutive terms (1945-1953)

Vice-President under Franklin D. Roosevelt

Born in Lamar, Missouri, May 8, 1884

Died in Independence, Missouri, December 26, 1972

The one and only President to be born in Missouri

Member of the Democratic Party (9th of 13)

Belonged to the Baptist Church (2nd of 4)

Independence High School

Attended night classes at the University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Law, He did not graduate
Married to Elizabeth Virginia Wallace Truman

Daughter Margaret Truman

Witnessed the signing of the charter of the United Nations in 1945

Faced challenge after challenge in his Presidential years

Used executive orders to begin desegregation of the US Armed Forces

Foreign Affairs

Developed the "Marshal Plan" to re-build Europe

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) established a formal peacetime military alliance with Canada and Democratic European Nations

Truman ordered atomic bombs to be dropped on cities devoted to war work.

The US had asked Japan to surrender and end the war, but when the invitation had been rejected President Truman gave the order to bomb certain cities. The Japanese were told that the US would continue bombing until either they had surrendered or there was nothing left. After dropping the two bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan quickly surrendered.

This was very good for the US. It was later discovered by the public that the US only had two bombs - There was no third.

Hiroshima

Hiroshima Bombing "Little Boy" Bomb

Nagasaki

"Fat Boy" model Bomb Nagasaki Before and After Bombing

The Fair Deal

Advocated National Health Insurance

Repealed Taft-Hartley Act

Only the Housing Act of 1949 was ever enacted out of all the propositions of the Fair Deal

Berlin Airlift

The Soviet Union blocked access to the three Western-held sectors of Berlin

Truman approved a plan to supply the blockaded city by air

They delivered food and other supplies

The Truman Cabinet
OFFICE	NAME	TERM

President	Harry S. Truman	1945 – 1953
Vice President	none	1945 – 1949
Vice President	Alben W. Barkley	1949 – 1953

Secretary of State	Edward R. Stettinius, Jr.	1945 – 1945
	James F. Byrnes	1945 – 1947
	George C. Marshall	1947 – 1949
	Dean G. Acheson	1949 – 1953

Secretary of Treasury	Henry Morgenthau, Jr.	1945 – 1945
	Fred M. Vinson	1945 – 1946
	John W. Snyder	1946 – 1953

Secretary of War	Henry L. Stimson	1945 – 1945
	Robert P. Patterson	1945 – 1947
	Kenneth C. Royall	1947 – 1947

Secretary of Defense	James V. Forrestal	1947 – 1949
	Louis A. Johnson	1949 – 1950
	George C. Marshall	1950 – 1951
	Robert A. Lovett	1951 – 1953

Attorney General	Francis Biddle	1945 –
	Tom C. Clark	1945 – 1949
	J. Howard McGrath	1949 – 1952
	James P. McGranery	1952 – 1953

Postmaster General	Frank C. Walker	1945 –
	Robert E. Hannegan	1945 – 1947
	Jesse M. Donaldson	1947 – 1953

Secretary of the Navy	James V. Forrestal	1945 – 1947

Secretary of the Interior	Harold L. Ickes	1945 – 1946
	Julius A. Krug	1946 – 1949
	Oscar L. Chapman	1949 – 1953

Secretary of Agriculture	Claude R. Wickard	1945 –
	Clinton P. Anderson	1945 – 1948
	Charles F. Brannan	1948 – 1953

Secretary of Commerce	Henry A. Wallace	1945 – 1946
	W. Averell Harriman	1946 – 1948
	Charles W. Sawyer	1948 – 1953

Secretary of Labor	Frances Perkins	1945 –
	Lewis B. Schwellenbach	1945 – 1948
	Maurice J. Tobin	1948 – 1953

References

White House

Truman Library and Museum

2008-04-20T15:57:00.000-04:00

Prev My President Next

Herbert Clark Hoover Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman

Republican Democratic Democratic

President Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd President of the United States (March 4, 1933- April 12, 1945)

The 10th Democratic in the United States

Born: January 30. 1882- Hyde Park, New York

Graduated: Harvard University

Occupation: Lawyer (Corporate)

Spouse: Eleanor Roosevelt- distant cousin,the niece of President Theodore Roosevelt.

Childern: Six children- Anna (1906), James (1907), Elliott (1910), Franklin, Jr. (1914) and John (1916)

Vice President: John N. Garner (1933-1941)

Henry A. Wallace (1941-1945)

Harry S. Truman (1945)

Opponent aka losers: For presidency- Herbert Hoover, Republican (1932)

Alfred Landon, Republican (1936)

Wendell Willkie, Republican (1940)

Thomas Dewey, Republican (1944)

For Vice Presidency- Charles Curtis, Republican (1932)

Frank Knox, Republican (1936)

Charles McNary, Republican (1940)

John Bricker, Repulican (1944)

Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1933-1945

1932

Nov. 8

Franklin Delano Roosevelt wins the presidential election

1933

•	Adolf Hitler becomes the chancellor of Germany

March 4

President Roosevelt is inaugurated, proclaiming in his address, “There is nothing to fear but fear itself.”

March 5

A special session of Congress summoned by Roosevelt passes a weeklong national bank holiday, containing a spreading bank panic

May 12

Congress creates the Federal Emergency Relief Administration to distribute relief funds to states

May 27

Congress creates the Federal Securities Act, making corporate issues of stocks and bonds subject to U.S. government approval

June 16

Congress creates several new agencies: the National Recovery Administration, to regulate industrial competition; the Public Works Administration, to create new jobs on infrastructure and community maintenance projects; the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, to protect bank accounts of consumers; and the Farm Credit Administration, to extend financial aid to troubled farmers

Nov. 9

Roosevelt creates the Civil Works Administration for further public works employment

1934

•	Huey Long of Louisiana proposes the “Share our Wealth” program
•	Father Charles Coughlin forms the National Union for Social Justice

Feb. 15

Congress passes the Civil Works Emergency Relief Act, continuing funds for relief and employment programs

May

Massive dust storms on the Great Plains spark westward migration by farmers to California

June 6

Roosevelt signs a bill creating the Securities and Exchange Commission, regulating the trading of stocks and bonds

June 19

Roosevelt signs a bill creating the Federal Communications Commission, regulating all electronic media

Aug.

A group of big business executives form the Liberty League to oppose the New Deal

1935

May 6

Roosevelt creates the Works Progress Administration to create additional jobs on infrastructure projects

May 27

The Supreme Court invalidates the National Recovery At, ruling it an unconstitutional intrusion on private commerce

July 5

Roosevelt signs a bill establishing the National Labor Relations Board, protecting workers’ rights to collective organization and bargaining

Aug. 14

Roosevelt signs the Social Security Act, establishing pensions for persons aged sixty-five and over

Aug. 23

Congress passes the Banking Act, which restructures the Federal Reserve System

Nov. 9

1936

•	Charlie Chaplin’s film, ‘Modern Times’, appears in theaters
•	Douglas Aircraft introduces the DC-3, a passenger plane that makes commercial air service consistently profitable for the first time
•	The Spanish Civil War begins (1936-1939)

Jan. 6

The Supreme Court invalidates the Agricultural Adjustment Act

June 29

Congress passes the Merchant Marine Act, granting new subsidies to the U.S. shipping industry

Nov. 3

Roosevelt wins election to a second term

1937

•	Japan invades China

Jan. 20

Roosevelt is inaugurated for a second term

Feb. 5

Roosevelt announces his “court-packing” plan to increase Supreme Court membership; legislation dies in the Senate

May 1

Roosevelt signs the Neutrality Act, limiting U.S. commercial dealings with nations at war

July 22

Congress passes a law creating the Farm Security Administration, providing financial aid to farm laborers

Aug.-Oct.

A major slide on stock markets signals a worsening of the Depression

1938

•	Kristallnacht – Anti-Semitic violence throughout Germany

May 26

The House forms the Un-American Activities Committee, chaired by Martin Dies of Texas

May 27

An emerging anti-New Deal coalition of Republicans and conservative Democrats passes a tax reduction for corporations

June 15

Congress passes the Fair Labor Standards Act, requiring overtime pay and establishing a minimum wage

Dec. 24

The Conference of Western Hemisphere Nations agrees to security cooperation against possible threats from Axis powers

1939

•	Judy Garland stars in ‘The Wizard of Oz’
•	The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck is published

Jan. 25

Columbia University physicists achieve nuclear fission in the U.S. for the first time (German scientists have already accomplished such a feat), leading Albert Einstein to warn President Roosevelt that an atomic bomb is now feasible

Sep. 1

Germany invades Poland, opening the Second World War

Sep. 21

Roosevelt calls a special session of Congress in response to European hostilities, urges revision of the 1937 Neutrality Act to allow arms exports to combatants

Nov. 4

Congress passes a revised Neutrality Act, allowing arms sales to combatants so long as they pay in cash and use their own ships for transportation

1940

June 15

Roosevelt establishes a National Defense Research Committee, one of whose aims is to examine the feasibility of an atomic bomb

July 31

Roosevelt halts the export of aviation fuel to Japan; in September, the president embargoes steel and scrap-iron exports

Sep. 3

The United States donates obsolete naval vessels to Britain in exchange for leases on British bases in the Caribbean, beginning the Lend-Lease program

Sep. 16

Congress passes the Selection Service Act, the first peacetime draft in U.S. history

Nov. 5

Roosevelt wins the presidential election

Dec. 29

In a Fireside Chat, Roosevelt calls for the United States to become “the arsenal of democracy”

1941

•	The Nazis begin the Final Solution – genocide of European Jews

Jan. 6

In his annual address to Congress, Roosevelt outlines “Four Freedoms” as the basis of a post-war world

Jan. 20

Roosevelt is inaugurated for a third term

March 11

Roosevelt signs the Lend-Lease bill, creating a formal system for the transfer of U.S. military equipment to the Allies in return for goods and services as payment

Dec. 7

Japanese aircraft bomb the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor; Japanese sea and air forces attack U.S. ports at Guam, Wake Island, the Philippines, and British bases at Malaya and Singapore

Dec. 8

Congress declares war against Japan

Dec. 11

Germany and Italy declare war on the United States, prompting the U.S. Congress to respond in kind

1942

Jan. 12

Roosevelt creates the War Labor Board to settle labor disputes

Jan. 16

Roosevelt establishes the War Production Board to coordinate industrial production

Jan. 30

Roosevelt signs the Price Control Act, giving the Office of Price Administration the power to dictate all nonagricultural prices

Feb. 19

Roosevelt orders the removal – and subsequent internment – of more than one hundred thousand Japanese-Americans from the West Coast

June 4-6

The U.S. Navy inflicts a major defeat on the Japanese at the Battle of Midway

June 13

Roosevelt creates the Office of War Information to supervise U.S. government propaganda and the Office of Strategic Services to coordinate military intelligence

Dec. 2

Scientists at the University of Chicago achieve the first sustained nuclear chain reaction in human history

1943

April 17

The War Manpower Commission bans twenty-seven million workers in essential defense jobs from leaving their position

May 27

Roosevelt establishes the Office of War Mobilization to coordinate all domestic aspects of U.S. military effort

Sep. 3

The Allied invasion of Italy begins

Oct. 19

A conference of U.S., British, and Soviet diplomats in Moscow agree to cooperate on war aims and to form an international peacekeeping organization after the conflict

Nov. 9

The Allies establish the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration to coordinate aid for refugees

1944

•	Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnam independent of France

June 6

D-Day; Allied forces under Dwight D. Eisenhower land at Normandy beaches in France, beginning the liberation of Western Europe

June 22

Roosevelt signs the GI Bill of Rights, providing a broad array of educational and other benefits for World War II veterans

July

A Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, conference of Allied economic advisers establishes the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank

Aug. 21

U.S., British, Soviet, and Chinese officials create a framework for the United Nations organization in a conference at Dumbarton Oaks near Washington, D.C.

Nov. 7

Roosevelt wins election to a fourth term

1945

April 12

Franklin D. Roosevelt dies of a cerebral hemorrhage at Warm Springs, Georgia

Links

http://www.nps.gov/archive/elro/glossary/roosevelt-franklin.htm

http://www.feri.org/common/news/info_detail.cfm?ClientID=11005&QID=2045

http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/fdrbio.html

http://www.animatedatlas.com/timeline.html

http://www.multied.com/elections/1932.html

http://cstl-cla.semo.edu/Renka/Modern_Presidents/fdr.htm

2008-04-20T15:56:00.000-04:00

Previous	Current	Next
Calvin Coolidge	Herbert Hoover	Franklin D. Roosevelt
Republican	Republican	Democrat

President Herbert Hoover

The Author of Palo Alto, The Great Engineer The Great Humanitarian,
Hoo-Yah, Really Damn The Chief, The Grand Old Man, Herbie.
31st President - 1 term ( 1929 - 1933 )
Republican ( 12th out of 18 )
Born August 10, 1874
Californian ( Born In Iowa ) (1st out of 2)
Quaker (1st out of 2)
Stanford University, Degree in Geology, 1

Mining Engineer, Consultant, Humanitarian, Secretary of Commerce, Businessman
Married to Lou Henry Hoover. They had 2 sons, Herbert Hoover Jr. and Allan Hoover

Vice President: Charles Curtis, Secretary of State: Henry Stimson, Secretary of Treasury: Ogden Mills
Opponent in 1928 Election: Al Smith with Vice President Candidate Joseph Taylor Robinson.
Opponent in 1932 Election: Franklin D. Roosevelt with Vice President Candidate John Nance Garner
Stock Market Crash, The Great Depression,

20th amendment made to the constitution

"Section 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.

Section 3. If ...the President elect shall have died, the Vice President elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified."

21st amendment made to the constitution

"The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or Possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited."

French Troops leave Rhineland, First World Cup is held, Military take over in Peru, Earthquake kills 2000 people in Nicaragua,
Shanghai occupied by Japan, Northern Greenland Annexed by Norway, Hitler becomes ruler of Germany

Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, Agricultural Marketing Act, Emergency Relief and Construction Act, Federal Home Loan Bank Act, Reconstruction Finance Corporation organized, Construction begun on Hoover Dam

Twinkies are invented, Chocolate Chip Cookie is invented, Yoko Ono is born, Clint Eastwood is born, Sean Connery is born

2008-04-20T15:55:00.000-04:00

Previous		Next
Warren G. Harding		Herbert Hoover
(1921-23)		(1929-33)
Republican		Republican

JohnCalvinCoolidge Jr. (1929-29)

The 30th president of the United State took power after Warren G. Harding die

The 14th Republican

Birth: July 4, 1872

Die: Janary 5, 1933

Coolidge was born in Plymouth, Vermont (2nd president born in Vermont, but 1st in Plymouth)

Religion: the 1st Congregationalist

Coolidge had a degree in Law from the Amherst College

Other Careers: 48th governor of Massachusetts and 53th lieutenant governor of Massachusetts

He was married to Grace anna Goodhue Coolidge a teacher in Vermont. He had two sons: John Coolidge and Calvin Coolidge

Vice presidents: (1923-1925) none, (1925-1929) Charles G. Dawes

Cabinet Members:

Secretary of State: Charles Evans Hughes (1923-25), Frank B. Kellogg (1925-29)

Secretary of Treasure: Andrew W. Mellow (1923-29)

Secretary of War: John W. Weeks (1923-25), Dwight F. Davis (1925-23)

Attorney General: Harry M. Daugherty (1923-1924), Harlan F. Stone (1924-25), John G. Sargent (1925-29)

Postmaster General: Harry S. New (1923-29)

Secretary of the Navy: Edwin Denby (1923-24), Curtis D. Wibur (1924-29)

Secretary of the Interior: Hubert Work (1923-28), Roy O. West (1929)

Secretary of Agriculture: Henry C. Wallace (1923-24), Howard M. Gore (1924-25), William M. Jardine (1925-29)

Secretary of Commerce: Herbert C. Hoover (1923-28), William F. Whiting (1928-29)

Secretary of Labor: James J. Davis (1923-29)

Opponent in each election: James M. Cox - Franklin D. Roosevelt (vice president), John W. Davis - Charles W. Bryan(vice president)

Major event in United State: Roaring 20th, Prohibition and The Begining of the Great Depression and the 18th admendments:

"SECTION 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. SECTION 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. SECTION 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress."

Major event outside of the United State: Vladimir Lenin the soviet union leader dies

Inventions: Radio and Cars such as model t.

Coolidge and his wife did a lot of things while he was a president such as helping veterans from the wwi with their health care...

Harding

2008-04-20T15:52:00.001-04:00

2008-04-20T15:45:00.000-04:00

Previous	Current	Next
William H.Taft	Woodrow Wilson	Warren G. Harding
Republican	Democrat	Republican

President Woodrow Wilson

Given Name - Thomas Woodrow Wilson

Nickname - Schoolmaster in Politics

28th President - In office for 2 terms from 1913 to 1921

Democrat 12th of 18

Born- December 29, 1856 Died-February 3, 1924

Georgia (Born in Staunton, Virginia) 8th of 8

Presbyterian 7nth of 9

1879 Graduated Princeton University, History

1879-81 University of Virginia, Studied Law for 1 year

Johns Hopkins University 1883-85, studied Government & History, received Ph.D in Political Science

Only President with a Ph.D

Partner in law firm 1882-83, Professor @ various University 1885-1902, President of Princeton University 1902-10 , Governor of NJ 1911-13

Married to Ellen Louise Axson Wilson - June 24 1885 and to Edith Bolling Galt Wilson - December 18 1915

Three Daughters with 1st wife Ellen, Margaret, Jessie and Eleanor

Writings: George Washington (1896); A History of the American People (5 vols., 1902); Constitutional Government in the United States (1908); Papers of Woodrow Wilson (1966- ), ed. by Arthur S. Link, et al.

Vice President
Thomas R. Marshall

Secretary of State
William Jennings Bryan (1913 - 1915) • Robert Lansing (1915 - 1920) • Bainbridge Colby (1920 – 1921)

Secretary of War
Lindley M. Garrison (1913 - 1916) • Newton Diehl Baker (1916 - 1921)

Postmaster General
Albert S. Burleson (1913 - 1921)

Secretary of the Interior
Franklin K. Lane (1913 - 1920) • John B. Payne (1920 - 1921)

Secretary of Commerce
William C. Redfield (1913 - 1919) • Joshua W. Alexander (1919 - 1921)

Secretary of the Treasury
William G. McAdoo (1913 - 1918) • Carter Glass (1918 - 1920) • David Franklin Houston (1920 - 1921)

Attorney General
James C. McReynolds (1913 - 1914) • Thomas W. Gregory (1914 - 1919) • Alexander Mitchell Palmer (1919 – 1921)

Secretary of the Navy
Josephus Daniels (1913 – 1921)

Secretary of Agriculture
David Franklin Houston (1913 - 1920) • Edwin T. Meredith (1920 - 1921)

Secretary of Labor
William B. Wilson (1913 - 1921)

[4]

The Election of 1912 has been called one of the most significant elections in American history. It involved a debate about the nature of government of a depth and sophistication rarely seen in American politics. Where do you stand on the issues? Run your own presidential campaign in 1912 and see if you can do better than Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft and Debs.

Official program of the Woman Suffrage Parade that tried to overshadow Wilson's inauguration in 1913 CREDIT: "Official Program, Woman Suffrage Procession, Washington, D.C. March 3, 1913." 1913. By Popular Demand: "Votes for Women" Suffrage Pictures, 1850-1920, American Memory collections, Library of Congress. [3]

"No one but the President ... seems to be expected ... to look out for the general interests of the country." W.W. [2]

A flock of sheep grazed during Woodrow Wilson's term. Their wool was sold to raise money for the Red Cross during World War I.
Woodrow Wilson tried in vain to bring the United States into the League of Nations.
Wilson and Congress approved the 19th Amendment, giving women the right to vote.

Election of 1916

In foreign policy, Wilson faced a great challenge, deciding whether or not to involve the U.S. in World War I.
On April 6, 1917, the United States went to war with Germany.
Less than a year later, on January 8, 1918, Wilson made his famous "Fourteen Points" address, introducing the idea of a League of Nations.
The purpose of the international organization was to preserve peace.
Wilson promoted his plan tirelessly, as U.S. troops contributed to an earlier than expected cease-fire in 1918.

Wilson's shorthand notes for the "Fourteen Points" speech; he deeply believed the League of Nations was essential to lasting world peace.

CREDIT: Wilson, Woodrow. "Woodrow Wilson's Speech Notes, in Shorthand, for his 'Fourteen Points' Address, [January 8, 1918]." Words and Deeds in American History American Memory collections, Library of Congress. [3]

Transcript of President Woodrow Wilson's 14 Points (1918)

1918 footage of the President in a New York parade encouraging Americans to participate in Liberty Loans to support the war effort.

Wilson was awarded the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize.[3]

The League of Nations: A Pictorial Summary, Geneva: League of Nations, c.

1920. (Courtesy of the Woodrow Wilson House) Text-only version of Illustration 1.[1]

The High Contracting Parties,

In order to promote international co-operation and to achieve international peace and security:
By the acceptance of obligations not to resort to war;
By the prescription of open, just and honourable relations between nations;
By the firm establishment of the understandings of international law as the actual rule of conduct among Governments; and
By the maintenance of justice and a scrupulous respect for all treaty obligations in the dealings of organised peoples with one another:

Agree to the Covenant of the League of Nations

STATES MEMBERS

Any fully self-governing State, Dominion or Colony may become a Member of the League on a two-thirds vote of the Assembly.

THE FIFTY-FOUR MEMBERS OF THE LEAGUE:

Abyssinia
Albania
Argentine
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Bolivia
British Empire
Bulgaria
Canada
Chile

China
Colombia
Cuba
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Esthonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece

Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Hungary
India
Irish Free State
Italy
Japan
Latvia
Liberia
Lithuania

Luxemburg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Norway
Panama
Paraguay
Persia
Peru
Poland
Portugal

Roumania
Salvador
Kingdom of the Serbs,
Croats and Slovenes
Siam
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Uruguay
Venezuela

NON-MEMBERS:

Afghanistan
Brazil*

Costa Rica**
Ecuador

Egypt
Hedjaz

Mexico
U.S.S.R.

Turkey
United States of America

*Withdrew from the League on June 12th, 1928.
**Withdrew from the League on January 1st, 1927.

The League of Nations: A Pictorial Summary, Geneva: League of Nations, c.

1920. (Courtesy of the Woodrow Wilson House)[1]

<<<<<<< Woodrow Wilson House Prophet of Peace [1]

By Brooklyn Eagle; Cartoonist Harding (Woodrow Wilson and the

Great Betrayal, Thomas A. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1945). [1]

Woodrow Wilson in the Eyes of Judge Gregorek

Pacifist
Started the draft
Son of a confederate soldier (solid south)
Nationalizes the Railroads
Nationalizes Private Companies
Marries woman whoes family were slave owners.
Purges blacks in office
Starts Prohibition
He gives us the 16th amendment- Income taxes
And the 18th amendment- Prohibition
The 17th amendment- Senators elected by popluar vote
"New Freedom"
He recieved 42% popular vote
The election of 1912 was a cross road of ideas.
Woodrow Wilson's campaign promise was to keep the U.S. out of the war because he is a committed Pacifist.

[1]http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/14wilson/14visual2.htm

[2]http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/glimpse/presidents/html/ww28.html

[3]http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/jb/reform/wilson_2

http://www.lib.chattanooga.gov:8080/kcweb/servlet/kcFrame?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20000916092543%2Fwww.unitedstates-on-line.com%2FWilson28.html&resultsurl=kcURLs%3Fgeneration%3D0%252C4593%252C10186%252C10216&gifnum=4 [various small details such as details]

[4]http://www.lib.chattanooga.gov:8080/kcweb/servlet/kcFrame?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanpresident.org%2Fkotrain%2Fcourses%2FWW%2FWW_In_Brief.htm&resultsurl=kcURLs%3Fgeneration%3D0%252C4593%252C10186%252C10216&gifnum=4

2008-04-20T15:44:00.000-04:00

Taft

Theodore Roosevelt	William Howard Taft	Woodrow Wilson

Republican	Republican	Democrat

William Howard Taft

2. Nicknames
Big Lub
Old Bill

"The public joked that T.A.F.T. stood for 'take advice from Theodore.'"
3. Presidential years
1775-1909 Prior to him
1909 –1913 His years
1913-2008 Post him
4. Party
9th republican out of 18

The others:

Abraham Lincoln

Ulysees S Grant

uj>Rutherford B Hayes

James Garfield

Chester Arthur

Benjamin Harrison

William McKinley

Theodore Roosevelt

Warren G Harding

Calvin Coolidge

Herbert C Hoover

Dwight D Eisenhower

Richard M Nixon

Gerald R Ford

Ronald Reagan

George H W Bush

George W Bush Jr.
5. Born-Died
July 11,1921 - February 3, 1930
6. Home State
6th from Ohio out of 7
The others:
Ulysses Grant
Rutherford Hayes
James Garfield
Benjamin Harrison
William McKinley
Warren Harding
7. Religion
4th Unitarian out of 4
The others:
John Adams
John Quincy Adams
Millard Fillmore
8. Collage:

Yale College (graduated 1878), Cincinnati Law School (LL.B., 1880)

9. Careers and other offices:
Assistant Prosecutor of Hamilton County, Ohio
Judge of the Ohio Superior Court
10th Chief Justice of the United States <--apointed by Warren Harding
42nd United States Secretary of War <--to Roosevelt, assisted with the Portsmouth Peace negotiations (set up Cuba as a protectorate)
1st Civil Governor of the Philippines <---set up a government there that eventually voted us out of the country. (he passed on a supreme Court position to finish his work there)
5th United States Solicitor General
10. Family:
Wife: Helen Taft (pushed him to be president)
Children: Robert Alphonso, Helen Herron, Charles Phelps
11. Cabinet:
Vice President
James S. Sherman
Secretary of State
Philander C. Knox
Secretary of War
Jacob M. Dickinson (1909 - 1911) • Henry L. Stimson (1911 - 1913)
Postmaster General
Frank H. Hitchcock (1909 - 1913) (unrelated to Alfred i believe)
Secretary of the Interior
Richard A. Ballinger (1909 - 1911) • Walter L. Fisher (1911 - 1913)
Secretary of the Treasury
Franklin MacVeagh
Attorney General
George W. Wickersham
Secretary of the Navy
George von L. Meyer
Secretary of Agriculture
James Wilson
Secretary of Commerce and Labor
Charles Nagel
12. Ran against:
William J. Bryan and his running mate John Worth Kern

Presidential Election Results:

Year

Popular Votes

Electoral Votes

1908

William H. Taft

7,676,320

321

William J. Bryan

6,412,294

162

Presidential Election Results:

Year

Popular Votes

Electoral Votes

1912

William H. Taft

3,486,720

recommended taft then opposed him

Theodore Roosevelt

4,118,571

went up the middle

Woodrow Wilson

6,296,547

435

13. Other happenings:

Taft facts:

Taft was the first president to throw the first baseball of a season.

He was the first president to own a car. He had the stables converted into a four-car garage.

Had the first presidential car. the joke in the legislative branch was that it would be animal cruelty for him to ride a horse.

Taft was the last president to have facial hair.

He called the White House "the loneliest place in the world."

Taft was our heaviest president, weighing 332 pounds. He once got stuck in the White House bath tub, so a new one was installed, big enough to hold four grown men.

Taft kept a cow on the White House lawn to supply him with fresh milk. He was the last president to do so.

1908
January 1 1908 first time new year's ball dropped in NY (First times square new year's party was in 1904)
January 24 - Robert Baden-Powell begins the Boy Scout movement.(not formalized till 1910 but ill get to that later)
Bureau of Investigation, forerunner of the FBI, is founded.
Discovery of oil deposits near the Persian city of Abadan.
US Navy begins building base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

1909
January 16 - Ernest Shackleton's expedition finds the magnetic South Pole.
February 12 - The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is founded.
December 31 - Manhattan Bridge opens

1910
Boy Scouts of America troops formally Chartered. Robert Baden Powell merged with Dan Beard's Sons of Daniel Boone to form the scouts. Approximately 1600 troops chartered that year. Troop 1 Flushing NY is one of the few original remaining troops soon to celebrate its 100 year anniversary in 2010


w00t Scouts! Represent Troop 1 Flushing NY going on 100 years	Written in 1988 by Jack Baer scout master then and still there now

1912

Republic of china founded