Tecumseh's Curse

Orgin:

The Tecumseh's Curse also known as; Curse of Tippecanoe, the Presidential Curse and the twenty-year curse. Every 20 years starting from 1840, the winner of the United States presidential election ultimately died while serving in office. The curse was attributed to the Indian chief Tecumseh, whose tribe were defeated in 1811 at the battle of Tippecanoe by troops led by William Henry Harrison. According to the myth, Tecumseh cursed William Henry Harrison. Tecumseh died in another battle against Harrison in 1813, but his curse apparently survived him. Just one month after Harrison was inaugurated as President in 1841, he died of pneumonia.

1. William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841)

Year elected: 1840

Term of Death: First

William Henry Harrison was the 9^th President of the United States. He was also one of the oldest man to become President at the age of 68. He served as president from March 4 - April 4, 1841, just thirty-one days into his term. The cause of death was from pneumonia. He was also the first U.S. President to die while in office.

2. Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865)

Republican

Year elected: 1860

Term of Death: Second

Abraham Lincoln was the 16^th President of the United States. He served as President from March 4, 1861 - April 14, 1865. He was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, an actor and a Confederate spy from Maryland. Lincoln was the first President to be assassinated.

3. James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831–September 19, 1881)

Republican

Year elected: 1880

Term of Death: First

James Abram Garfield was 20^th President of the United States. He took office in March 4, 1881. On July 2, 1881, in a Washington railroad station, Charles J Guiteau shot the President, critically injuring him. On September 19, 1881, he died from an infection and internal hemorrhage.

4. William McKinley (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901)

Republican

Year elected: 1900

Term of Death: Second

William McKinley was the 25^th President of the United States. On September 5, 1901, while standing in a receiving line at the Buffalo Pan-American Exposition, he was shot twice by Leon Frank Czolgosz. He died eight days later.

5. Warren G. Harding (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923)

Republican

Year elected: 1920

Term of Death: First

Warren G. Harding was the 29^th President of the United States. On August 2, 1923, Harding was visiting San Francisco on a cross-country Voyage of Understanding to meet people across the nation. He suffered from a stroke and died at the Palace Hotel.

6. Franklin D. Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945)

Democratic

Year elected: 1940

Term of Death: Fourth

Franklin D. Roosevelt was the 32^nd President of the United States. While serving his fourth term as President, his health started to deteriorated. On April 12, 1945, while at Warm Springs, Georgia, he died of a cerebral hemorrhage.

7. John F. Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963)

Democratic

Year elected: 1960

Term of Death: First

John F. Kennedy was the 35^th President of the United States. He became the youngest elected president. On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was riding through Dallas and was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald.

8. Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004)

Republican

Year elected: 1980

Term of Death: n/a

Ronald W. Reagan was the 40^th President of the United States. On March 30, 1981, John Hinckley attempted to assassinate Reagan in Washington, D.C. Reagan was shot but was able to survive with quick medical attention. President Reagan is the first to foil Tecumseh's curse and some consider it to be broken.

adviser to various Presidents.

Bernard Baruch


Full name:
Bernard Mannes Baruch


Profession:
Presidents’ adviser during the World War I and the World War II as well as peace time.
Financier.


Political Party:^{[1] [2]}
Devoted member of the Democratic Party and contributed it generously.


Born
August 19, 1870, South Carolina, U.S.

Died
June 20, 1965, New York, U.S.

photo is gifted to the U.S. Library of Congress[i] ©no known restrictions on publication. [npcc-03151]

Home State:
His father was a German immigrant of Jewish ethnicity who came to the U.S. in 1855.


Religious Affiliation:
Jewish


College:^{[3] [4]}
Graduated from the College of the City of New York in 1889.


Other Careers and Political Offices Held:

• Starting his career as an apprentice in a wholesale glassware firm, just for 3 $ per week^[5].

• At age 30, he was a millionaire^[6].

Marital Status and Family:
Married to Annie Griffen.
Had three children.


Administration:
The Presidents that he worked together with^{[7] [8]} :

Woodrow Wilson	28th
Warren G. Harding	29th
Herbert Hoover	31st
Franklin Roosevelt	32nd
Harry Truman	33rd
John F. Kennedy	35th

Major Events:

• Became chairman of the War Industries Board, during World War I^[9].

• Personal adviser to President Wilson on the terms of peace^[9].

• Adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II^[9].

• Predicted The 1929 Crash^[10].

Major Events Outside the U.S.^{[11] [12]}:

• Outlined a controversial plan for international control / ownership of all nuclear materials.

Other Defining Moments:

• Baruch was described as "As a young man he bacame rich by taking chances, but as an old man he bacame famous by playing it safe."^[13]

• Three times on the cover of The Time Magazine:
  

• Bernard Baruch. February 25, 1924

• Bernard Baruch. March 12, 1928

• Bernard Baruch . June 28, 1943

Famous Inventions:

• Baruch Bench of Inspiration^[14]

It is told that Baruch disliked to wait inside the White House, he preferred to sit on a bench and wait the president there. It was such a famous bench that even once Baruch received a letter addressed simply, "Bernard Baruch, Lafayette Park, Washington, D.C."

The Baruch Bench of Inspiration. It is located just northwest of the Jackson statue.

• Creator of the well-known political term “Cold War”^{[15] [16]}.

References:
[i] ref:http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?pp/PPALL:@field(NUMBER+@band(npcc+03151))
[1] ref: http://www.fau.edu/library/bro78.htm
[2] ref: Jewish Heroes & Heroines of America, 2004, p154, 2p
[3] ref: Britannica Biography Collection. bgh13554
[4] ref: Jewish Heroes & Heroines of America, 2004, p154, 2p
[5] ref: The Adventures of a Wall Street Legend: Bernard Baruch, By: James Grant, Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997, chapter "Three Dollars A Week" p18.
[6] ref: Jewish Historical Society South Carolina, Winter 2004 Newsletter, Volume IX, p10-11. http://www.jhssc.org
[7] ref: Jewish Heroes & Heroines of America, 2004, p154, 2p
[8] ref: Cambridge Dictionary of American Biography Item: 24F10473Baruch
[9] ref: Britannica Biography Collection. bgh13554
[10] ref: Bernard Baruch's Own Story. By: Baruch, Bernard M.. Saturday Evening Post, 10/1/1960, Vol. 233 Issue 14, p19-50, 5p
[11] ref: Going for Baruch: The Nuclear Plan That Refused to Go Away. By: Rydell, Randy. Arms Control Today, June 2006, p45-48, 4p
[12] ref: The Statement Before The United Nations Atomic Energy Commission, By: Bernard Baruch, 14 June 1946
[13] ref: In General, Run Quickly. By: Brimelow, Peter. National Review, 9/7/1984, Vol. 36 Issue 17, p44-45, 2p
[14] ref: http://www.nps.gov/whho/planyourvisit/explore-the-northern-trail.htm
[15] ref: http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-125110/article-9024721
[16] ref: http://www.house.gov/ehlers/newsletter/Tuesday-October-25-20051248.html

Eugene Victor Debs

Born: Nov. 5,1855, at Terre Haute, Indiana. Died: Oct. 20,1926, Lindlahr Sanitarium, Elmhurst, Illinois. Buried in Terre Haute, Ind. Education: Attended Terre Haute Public schools, dropping out of high school at age of 14 to take job as painter in railroad yards. In 1870 became fireman on railroad. In his spare time, he went to night classes at a local business college. He married Katherine Metzel in 1885, the daughter of prosperous German immigrants who owned a local drugstore. (The couple would have no children.) Socialist Party Religion: Christian

Debs' philosophy is best expressed in his famous quote: "While there is a lower class, I am in it; While there is a criminal element, I am of it; While there is a soul in prison, I am not free!"

Executive summary: Labor leader ran for President five times Received 919,799 votes in the 1920 election, where he ran from prison as a Socialist.

He found work as a railroad fireman in 1870 and eventually became active in the trade union movement. Debs worked as editor of the Locomotive Firemen's Magazine, before being elected national secretary of Brotherhood of Locomotive Fireman in 1880. Debs, a member of the Democratic Party, was elected to the Indiana Legislature in 1884. In 1893 Debs was elected the first president of the American Railway Union (ARU). During the Pullman Strike in 1894, Debs was arrested and charged with contempt of court. Despite being defended by Clarence Darrow, he was found guilty and sentenced to six months in prison. Debs now became a socialist and believed that capitalism should be replaced by a new cooperative system. Although he advocated radical reform, Debs was opposed to the revolutionary violence supported by the Communist Party. In 1897 Debs joined with Victor Berger and Ella Reeve Bloor to form the Social Democratic Party (SDP). Debs was the party's presidential candidate in 1900 but received only 97,000 votes. The following year some members of the SDP left the party and established the Socialist Party of America. In 1904 Debs was the new party's presidential candidate and got 400,000 votes. He was also the party's candidate in 1908 (420,793 votes), and 1912, when with his running-mate, Emil Seidel, he increased this to 897,011 votes. Debs believed that the First World War had been caused by the imperialist competitive system. Between 1914 and 1917 Debs made several speeches explaining why he believed the United States should not join the war. After the USA declared war on the Central Powers in 1917, several Socialist Party members were arrested for violating the Espionage Act. After making a speech in Canton, Ohio, on 16th June, 1918, criticizing the Espionage Act, Debs was arrested and sentenced to ten years in Atlanta Penitentiary. He was still in prison when as the presidential candidate of the Socialist Party, he received 919,799 votes in 1920. His program included proposals for improved labour conditions, housing and welfare legislation and an increase in the number of people who could vote in elections. President Warren G. Harding pardoned Debs in December, 1921. Critical of the dictatorial policies of the Soviet Union, Debs refused to ally himself with the American Communist Party. Eugene Victor Debs died in 1926 and was replaced by Norman Thomas as leader of the Socialist Party.

Eugene Debs delivered his Statement to the Court to the Federal Court of Cleveland, Ohio on September 18, 1918 after being convicted of violating the Sedition Act, a protective law passed by Congress to promote the war by banning anti-war propaganda and rhetoric. Under this new law many socialists were unjustly persecuted and stripped of their freedom of speech. As an active socialist, Debs became concerned and attacked American capitalism in an effort to protect first amendment rights. This speech was a plea in his defense for his and other socialists’ freedom of speech. Introduction by Mary Litton Fowler.

On Christmas Day 1921, President Warren G. Harding, a Republican, freed Debs and 23 other prisoners of conscience. Debs' socialist movement was now dead, the victim of government repression and internal factional fighting between opponents and supporters of the new Bolshevik regime in Russia. But the socialist ideal lived on, inspiring a new generation of social reformers in the 1930s who, under the banner of the New Deal, enacted most of the programs and policies called for in the Socialist Party platform of 1912. It was not the socialist commonwealth, but it was a genuine achievement—one for which Debs and his followers legitimately could claim some credit.

James Gillespie Blaine

Appointed by James Garfield (20th) in March 1881

Resigned in June 1892

Member of the Republican party

Born in West Brownsville, Washington County, Pa., January 31, 1830

Died in Washington, D.C., January 27, 1893

1. Full name as the title of the page
2. Nick names below the title
3. Presidential Years (including the n^th)
4. Political Party (including the n^th)
5. Date of Birth - Date of Death
6. Home State (including the n^th)
7. Religious Affiliation (including the n^th)
8. College (degree and year of graduation); graduate school (degree and year of graduation)
9. Other Careers and Political Offices Held
   
10. Marital Status and family
11. Administration each term, i.e., vice president(s); noteworthy cabinet members (definitely including Secretary of State)
12. Opponent each election (VP too)
13. Any of these major events occuring: Wars (start and end dates of the war, and of U.S. involvement--if different), States (including the n^th), Amendments (including the abridged text)
14. Major events outside the U.S. (e.g., rise of a dictator, a major disaster, an Olympic moment, a regional war, birth of a nation, etc.)
15. Any other defining moments, such as a scandal, impeachment, new program or monument erected/dedicated
16. Famous individuals or inventions

A Great Clash in American History:

Booker T. Washington vs. W.E.B DuBois

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"THE GREAT ACCOMODATOR"

"THE FATHER OF PAN-AFRICANISM"

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BIRTHNAME:	Booker Taliaferro Washington	William Edward Burghardt DuBois
BIRTH:	April 5, 1856 ( (Franklin County, VA) ***Note: Was born on Slave Plantation	February 23, 1868 (Great Barrington, Massachusetts) ***Note: DuBois was born after 13th Amendment
PRESIDENT DURING BIRTH:	Franklin Pierce	Andrew Johnson
EDUCATION:	1875: Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute 1896: Honorary Masters, Harvard University 1901:Honorary Doctorate, Dartmouth College	1888: Bachelors Fisk College 1890: Bachelors Harvard University 1895: PhD Harvard University in History
Atlanta Compromise A POLITICAL AFFILIATION: udio Clip	Republican	Communist Party USA
RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION:	Christian	Agnostic
MARITIAL STATUS & FAMILY:	Mother: Jane was a black slave Father: white plantation owner Brother: John Sister: Amanda 1st wife: Fannie N. Smith who birthed their daughter Portia M. Washington 2nd wife: Olivia A. Davidson birthed two sons Booker T. Washington Jr. and Ernest Davidson Washington 3rd wife: Margaret James Murray had no children	Great-grandmother: Elizabeth “Mum Bett" Freeman Mother: Silvina Burghardt DuBois Father: Alfred DuBois 1st wife: Nina Gomer (for more then 50 yrs) who bore to him 2 children Burghardt and Yolande 2nd wife: Shirley Graham

CAREER:	Worked in the salt mines and at the age of nine worked as a salt-packer. From ages 10-12 worked as a coal miner before going to work as a houseboy for the wife of Lewis Ruffner, the owner of the mines. Worked as a janitor to pay for education at Hampton Agricultural Institute. Upon graduation, worked at Hampton Agricultural Institute teaching in a program for Native Americans. Founded and served as principle of Tuskegee Institute. Writer of autobiography Up from Slavery.	Was offered teaching position at Tuskegee Institute but opted to work at Atlanta University Taught at Wilberforce University in Ohio Taught at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia Became Chairman of the Department of Sociology at Atlanta University Chief editor of Crisis, the publication of the NAACP Writer of numerous newpaper editorials, poems, books and essays.
MAJOR EVENTS IN U.S	1856 Kansas Compromise 1859 John Brown Leads Revolt 1861 – 1865 American Civil War	1865-1876 Reconstruction 1867 Alaska Purchased 1870 Standard Oil Formed 13th-24th Amendments Ratified
FAMOUS WRITINGS & SPEECHES:	Atlanta Compromise Address (Listen to speech) (Read Orginal Speech) Wrote: Up from Slavery (his autobiogaphy)	Souls of Black Folks (1903) (W.E.B. duBois' response to the Atlanta Compromise) Crisis
ACTIVISM:	"The Tuskegee Machine" aka Tuskegee Institute He raised money for the school by going on speaking tours and soliciting donations. His school was a gateway for blacks to earn a trade as well as a good education. In 1900 he helped establish the National Negro Business League which The organization concentrated on commercial issues and paid no attention to questions of African American civil rights	Niagra Movement (read more) Co-founder of NAACP (read more) The movement launched a campaign for complete equality and justice for blacks, with an emphasis on political rights Campaigned against lynching, Jim Crow laws, sexual inequality
CRITICISM:	He was too accomodating; labeled an "Uncle Tom" and "Sell-out." His critics argued that the views expressed in his books, articles and lectures were essentially the prevailing views of white Americans He advised blacks that it was better not to vote than to antagonize white neighbors Wasn't militant enough. While other African-Americans demanded boycotts and protests against white violence and unequal facilities, Washington treated them as enemies, editorializing (anonymously) against them. Criticized for advising African-Americans to abide by segregation codes People felt that he placed too much emphasis on industrial education Note: Washington received a great deal of grants, financial as well as social support from government officals, newspapers, magazine and lobbyist. He became the spokesperson for African-Americans, beating out men like Du Bois who was also in need of grants, etc. This maybe one reason why DuBois criticized Washington.	Too Radical; Most of his teaching were very racist (He did not like white people) "Talented Tenth" (northern, urban, college-educated black men who were to save the black race) viewed as unlikely. Was seen as Anti-American because of his associations with communism and public criticisms against American government. Critics felt that his teachings were controdictory. He criticized whites for their rascism yet condoned black racism towards whites.
PHILOSOPHY & TEACHINGS:	Believed in work, study, self-discipline, and self-reliance Advocated "seperate" but "equal" facilities Felt that Black should develop a industrial trade. He thought that by working hard blacks would prove to the white people that they were upstanding law abiding citizens thus gaining acceptance and equality in society. Believed in combining industrial training with mental and moral culture. So Christian religion was also observed in his school. Felt that the opportunity to earn a living and acquire property was more important than the right to vote. Believed that the need to take care of one's body and property, and to establish an economic foundation on the soil of agriculture and the use of industry were more important than the memorization of facts or reading of Latin and Greek." Focused on economics and buisness as a means of uplifting blacks not social equality.	Activist of Pan-Africanism and Black Nationalism. Advocated a strong liberal Arts education. Thought that the "Talented Tenth," the phenomenon of one in ten black people who became influential in the world, through methods such as continuing their education, writing books, or becoming directly involved in social change would uplift the black race. Felt that race was a political system that creates two "worlds" of race. The white world is the product of a capitalism and a section of the working class; the black world is excluded from these resources. His solution to the problem of race is the end of the white world through the political unity of the dark world. Thus, Du Bois became a more ardent Black nationalist as he developed a social constructivist conception of race.
REMAINS:	Buried in Tuskegee Institute	Buried in state ceremony in Ghana
PRESIDENT DURING DEATH:	Woodrow Wilson	Lyndon B. Johnson
DEATH:	November 14, 1915 (buried on campus of Tuskegee University)	August 27, 1963 in Accra, Ghana (eve of March on Washington)
INTERESTING INFORMATION:	Was the first African-American ever invited to the White House as the guest of President Theodore Roosevelt (1901). On April 7, 1940 Washington became the first African American to be depicted on a United States postage stamp. The first coin to feature an African American was the Booker T. Washington Memorial Half Dollar that was minted by the United States from 1946 to 1951. Was depicted on a U.S. Half Dollar from 1951-1954. A state park in Chattanooga, Tennessee was named in his honor. Worked as a janitor to pay for his education at Hampton Institute.	Was a member of the Prince Hall Grand Lodge ,the first African American Free Masonic Society (read more). Was chairman of the Peace Information Center in NYC at the start of the Korean War. Was among the signers of the Stockholm Peace Pledge, which opposed the use of nuclear weapons. [1] Was indicted in the United States under the Foreign Agents Registration Act (for communist involvement) but was acquitted for lack of evidence (read more). His passport was banned after meeting with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, and visiting Communist China, a country that was on the State Department's banned list. [1] In 1959 recieved the Lenin Peace Prize from the Soviet Union [1] In 1912 he supported Eugene Debs, the Socialist Party candidate for president. He admired how Debs refused to address segregated audiences in the South. Made an agreement with Woodrow Wilson to get Black vote in return for Black rights. Wilson does not uphold his end of agreement. DuBois rights a letter to Wilson explaining that he has done nothing for the Negro race. (read more) He renounced his U.S. citizenship and became a citizen of Ghana, shortly before his 95th birthday. In 1992 appeared on U.S. postage stamp.

Important Note:

"Both Washington and DuBois wanted the same thing for blacks—first-class citizenship—but their methods for obtaining it differed. Because of the interest in immediate goals contained in Washington’s economic approach, whites did not realize that he anticipated the complete acceptance and integration of Negroes into American life. He believed blacks, starting with so little, would have to begin at the bottom and work up gradually to achieve positions of power and responsibility before they could demand equal citizenship—even if it meant temporarily assuming a position of inferiority. DuBois understood Washington’s program, but believed that it was not the solution to the “race problem.” Blacks should study the liberal arts, and have the same rights as white citizens. Blacks, DuBois believed, should not have to sacrifice their constitutional rights in order to achieve a status that was already guaranteed." [12]

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References:

1. 1. W.E.B Du Bois (Gloricelly Franceschi)
2. 2. A Biographical Sketch of W.E.B DuBois (Gerald C. Hynes)
3. 3. Booker T. Washington Biography (NPS)
4. 4. Booker . Washington and W.E.B. DuBois: The Problem of Negro Leadership (Robert A. Gibson)
5. 5. Atlanta Compromise Original Speech
6. 6. W.E.B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folks
7. 7. Atlanta Compromise Audio Clip
8. 8. The tactical life of Booker T. Washington
9. 9. The Constitution of the United States: Amendments 11-27
10. 10. W.E.B FBI Investigation Papers
11. 11. Booker T. Washington National Monument
12. 12. Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. DuBois: The Problem of Negro Leadership (Robert A. Gibson)
13. 13. Another open letter to Woodrow Wilson

3. By Sharena Ramos